1.shoulder用作动词的意思是“扛,担,挑,掮”,指把某物放在肩上,也可表示“用肩顶某人〔物〕”,引申可作“承担”解。
2.shoulder是及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。

shoulder aside(v.+adv.)
用肩膀挤开 make sb move to one side, by or as by pushing with shoulder
▲shoulder sb aside
That rude man shouldered me aside and got on the bus ahead of me.那个鲁莽的男子用肩膀把我挤开,抢在我前面上了公共汽车。

houlder off(v.+adv.)
用肩膀推开 make sb move to one side, by or as by pushing with shoulder
▲shoulder sb/sth⇔off
He shouldered off a defender and shot at goal.他用肩膀挡开防守队员，然后射门。

shoulder through(v.+prep.)
硬挤过去 force one's way through sth by pushing with shoulders
▲shoulder one's way through sth
He shouldered his way through the crowd.他用肩挤,穿过人群。

用作及物动词
▲S+～+n./pron.
She shouldered her rucksack and set off along the road.她背起帆布背包就上路了。
The oldest son should shoulder the burdens of the family.长子该担负起家庭的重担。
He must shoulder his responsibilities.他必须承担起他的责任。
She won't shoulder all the blame for the mistake.她不承担该过失的全部责任。

［同义词］ v.  accept, assume, bear, carry, press, push, shove, sustain, thrust
［词源］  ＜中古英语schuldere＜古英语sculdor(肩,承担)

1.shoulder的基本意思是“肩,肩膀,肩胛”,指胳膊、前腿或翅膀与身体相连接的部位或两肩之间的部位,也可指“衣服的肩部”或“形状、部位似肩的部分”,是可数名词。
2.shoulder也可指牲畜的“前腿肉”,可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。
3.shoulder的复数形式shoulders可作“背的上部”解,即两肩之间的部位,用于比喻,可表示“有责任或须承担责任的人”。

a chip on one's shoulder
好吵架的脾气 quarrelling temper
She always has a chip on her shoulder, so nobody wants to be with her.她总是脾气很大,所以没人想跟她在一起。
He's got a chip on his shoulder today,I think he's had an argument with his wife.他今天脾气坏透了,我想他和妻子吵过嘴。

have broad shoulders
有能力承担更多的责任 be able〔willing〕 to accept much responsibility
George must have broad shoulders—he's taken on the job of secretary of the tennis club as well as being treasurer of the cricket club.乔治这人一定很有能力,他是网球俱乐部的秘书,同时也是板球俱乐部的司库。
He won't mind what they say about him.He has broad shoulders.他不会计较他们对他的议论,他气量很大。

put one's shoulder to the wheel
开始艰苦的工作 start hard work
You'll have to put your shoulder to the wheel if you're going to finish digging the garden before it gets dark.你要想在天黑前把花园里的土翻一遍,那你必须加紧干。

rub shoulders with
接触 have a touch with
The more we rub shoulders with the workers, the more we come to appreciate their excellent qualities.我们和工人接触越多,就越能体会到他们的优秀品质。

shoulder to cry on
向某人倾诉苦楚 sb who listen to one's troubles sympathetically
My daughter has been married for ten years yet she still comes home to see me when she wants a shoulder to cry on.我女儿已结婚10年了,但她有苦楚时还是回家来找我。
When you're depressed, all you want is a shoulder to cry on.当一个人情绪不好时真想找一个同情的人诉说一场。

shoulder to shoulder
肩并肩地; 齐心协力地 close together
They are standing shoulder to shoulder.他们肩靠肩并排站着。

shrug one's shoulder
不作决定,缺乏兴趣 display indecision; lack of interest
His housekeeper shrugged her shoulders.他的女管家耸了耸肩。
I asked Jack if he wanted to come but he just shrugged his shoulders and said he would think about it.我问杰克他是否想来,他只是耸了耸肩,说要考虑一下。
He shrugged his shoulders, saying he didn't know and didn't care.他耸耸肩,说他不知道而且也不在乎。

stand head and shoulders above
超过; 优于 excel sb
She knows there is still a long way to go before she stands head and shoulders above her rivals.她知道要超过对手,还得下大工夫。
As an orator he stood head and shoulders above his contemporaries.他是当时最杰出的演说家。
Of course we had to give the girl an interview.On paper, she stands head and shoulders above the other applicants.当然我们将给这位姑娘一次面试,在卷面上她明显优于其他申请人。

straight from the shoulder
直截了当地,坦率地 directly; without compromise
I want to know what's wrong with me,Doctor, please tell me straight from the shoulder.医生,我想知道我的病情,请直截了当地告诉我。
This is going to be painful but I'm going to tell you the bad news straight from the shoulder.这件事会叫人痛苦,不过我还是坦率地告诉你这不好的消息。

turn the cold shoulder
给予冷遇 turn a cold shoulder to sb
The membership committee turned a cold shoulder to Jim's request to join the club.会员资格委员会对吉姆要求加入俱乐部的请求反应冷淡。

I have rheumatism in my left shoulder.我左肩患有风湿症。
She patted Hans on the shoulder.她拍汉斯的肩膀。
He dressed a jacket with wide shoulders.他穿了一件宽肩的夹克衫。
His shoulders bowed with age.他因年老而佝偻了。
The wife looked over her shoulder at her husband when she was hesitant.妻子犹豫不决,回头看丈夫的眼色行事。
As usual, those followers were looking over their shoulders at their master.和往常一样,奴才们回头看主子的眼色行事。
The patient seemed to feel a cold finger on his shoulder.病人似乎感到自己快要死了。

下面两个句子意思不同:
He looked over his shoulder.
他回头望去。
He looked over her shoulder.
他越过她的肩头向前看。

他们并肩战斗,打败了侵略者。
［误］  They fought shoulder by shoulder and defeated the aggressors.
［正］  They fought shoulder to shoulder and defeated the aggressors.
［正］  They fought side by side and defeated the aggressors.
［析］  表示“并肩,齐心协力”,应该说shoulder to shoulder,或者side by side,但不能说成 shoulder by shoulder。