1.include的基本意思是“包含”“包括”,其宾语经常是构成整体的一部分,有时也可以指构成整体的全部。
2.include不用于进行体中。

用作及物动词
▲S+～+n./pron.
Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗理论。
We watched a performance which included a puppet show and acrobatics.我们观看了一场演出,内容有木偶和杂技。
Our textbook includes eight stories, two short plays and two essays.我们的课本包括8篇故事,2篇短剧和2篇杂文。
This package contains 500 sheets of notepaper and among them are included 400 of white paper and 100 of yellow.这包内装有500页纸,其中400页白纸和100页黄纸。
The South China Sea Islands include more than 200 islands, sand cays, reefs and banks.我国南海诸岛包括200多个岛礁和沙滩。
Great Britain includes England,Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland. 大不列颠包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
The Chinese nation includes more than 50 ethnic minorities besides the Hans.中华民族除了汉族外,还包括五十多个少数民族。
Other exhibits include precision instruments and chemical products.其他展品有精密仪器、化工产品等等。
The grammer lessons include over 80 sentence patterns.语法部分的课文,包括80多个句式。
A host should try to include all his guests in the conversation. 主人应当设法叫所有的客人都参加谈话。
We include a refill with every ballpointed pen we sell. 我们出售的每支圆珠笔都带有一个备用笔芯。
◇ 用于be ～ed结构
These people cannot be included in the United Front.这些人当然不能包括在统一战线之内。
The expenses of the journey are included in the account.旅行的各种费用都包括在费用内。
An order form was included with the prospectus. 订单附在说明书上。
▲S+～+v-ing
Her duties include sending and receiving letters.她的职责包括收发信件。
用作宾补动词
▲S+～+n./pron.+prep.-phrase
I include you among my friends.我把你看作朋友。
I included eggs on the list of things to buy.我把鸡蛋列在购物单上。
◇ 用于be ～ed结构
You are included among my friends. 你是我的朋友之一。
These works are included among the great English novels. 这些作品是英国小说杰作的一部分。

include, involve
参见involve条。

1.我们大学有23个系,包括两个研究所。
［误］  Our university consists of 23 departments, included two research institutes.
［正］  Our university consists of 23 departments, including two research institutes.
［正］  Our university consists of 23 departments, two research institutes included.
［析］  include放在其宾语之前,构成动宾结构就要用表示主动意义的现在分词; 如果include放在其宾语之后,作宾语的后置定语,构成被动关系的主谓结构就用表示被动意义的过去分词。
2.我发现目前这个计划包含了我绝大多数的建议。
［误］  I find that now the plan is including most of my suggestions.
［正］  I find that now the plan includes most of my suggestions.
［析］  include属于静态动词(static verbs)一类,表示状态,所以不能用进行时态。
3.她的职责应包括寻找这一学科的参考书目。
［误］  Her duties include to find out a bibliography of the subject.
［正］  Her duties include finding out a bibliography of the subject.
［析］  include不接动词不定式作宾语,但可接动名词短语。

［同义词］   add, comprehend, comprise, contain, cover, embrace
［反义词］   exclude, ignore
［词源］  ＜古英语includen＜拉丁语includere(关在里面)