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| 1. | speculative philosophy |
| 思辩哲学 |
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| 2. | "In the West, they have Doctors of Philosophy, Doctors of Medicine, But no Doctors of Science." |
| 在西方,他们有Doctors of Philosophy、Doctors of Medicine,就是没有 Doctors of Science。 |
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| 3. | Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Rudolf Carnap lead philosophy into logical analysis of knowledge |
| 此外，罗素同维特根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein）、卡尔纳普（Rudolf Carnap）一起创立了分析哲学（analytic philosophy）。 |
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| 4. | process philosophy |
| 过程哲学 |
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| 5. | In the West, they have Doctors of Philosophy, Doctors of Medicine, but no Doctors of Science. |
| 在西方，他们有Doctors of Philosophy、Doctors of Medicine，就是没有Doctors of Science，这是很有趣的。 |
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| 6. | Marxist philosophy |
| 马克思主义哲学 |
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| 7. | Christian philosophy |
| 基督教哲学 |
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| 8. | voluntaristic philosophy |
| 唯意志哲学 |
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| 9. | use philosophy |
| 采取哲人态度 |
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| 10. | first philosophy |
| 第一哲学 |
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