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| 31. | Article 41 The people's court of second instance shall try civil cases by a collegial panel of judges. |
| 第四十一条人民法院审理第二审民事案件，由审判员组成合议庭。 |
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| 32. | The Qing Guan(Upright Official)Judicature? in Traditional Chinese Legal Culture |
| 中国传统法律文化视野中的清官司法 |
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| 33. | If the judge is a party to the case, he should withdraw on his own accord. |
| 如果审判员是案件的当事人，应该自行回避。 |
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| 34. | The presiding judge of the collegiate bench shall be appointed by the president of the court or by a chief judge from among the judges, |
| 合议庭的审判长由院长或者庭长指定审判员一人担任， |
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| 35. | In civil cases of first instance in the people's court, justice is administered by a collegiate bench made up of either judges and assessors, or only of judges. Members of the collegiate bench must total an odd number. |
| 人民法院审理第一审民事案件，由审判员、陪审员共同组成合议庭或者由审判员组成合议庭。合议庭的成员人数，必须是单数。 |
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| 36. | A public official who hears and decides cases brought before a court of law. |
| 法官，审判员在法庭上听审并审判案子的政府官员 |
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| 37. | (2) the judicature of maritime cases may refer to international maritime custom. |
| 第五章为海事国际惯例的适用条件,对此进行了五点总结; |
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| 38. | In civil cases where simple procedures are applicable, justice is administered by one judge independently. |
| 适用简易程序审理的民事案件，由审判员一人独任审理。 |
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| 39. | Trials of cases of first instance in the Higher People's Courts or the Supreme People's Court shall be conducted by a collegial panel composed of three to seven judges or of judges and people's assessors totalling three to seven. |
| 高级人民法院、最高人民法院审判第一审案件，应当由审判员三人至七人或者由审判员和人民陪审员共三人至七人组成合议庭进行。 |
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| 40. | On the base of just law, judicature is crucial to the realization of justice. |
| 在此基础之上，司法是实现法之正义价值的关键环节。 |
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